OHSAS18000认证的起源与发展
The origin and development of the OHSAS18000 certification
OHSAS18000系列标准及由此产生的职业健康安全管理体系认证制度是近几年又一个风靡全球的管理体系标准的认证制度。OHSAS18000系列标准是由英国标准协会（BSI）、挪威船级社（DNN）等13个组织于1999年联合推出的国际性标准，在目前ISO尚未制定情况下，它起到了准国际标准的作用。四川省鸿博企业管理咨询有限公司认为其中的0HSAS18001标准是认证性标准，它是组织（企业）建立职业健康安全管理体系的基础，也是企业进行内审和认证机构实施认证审核的主要依据。我国已于2000年11月12日转化为国标：GB/T28001-2001 idt OHSAS18001:1999《职业健康安全管理体系规范》同年12月20日国家经贸委也推出了《职业安全健康管理体系审核规范》并在我国开展起职业健康安全管理体系认证制度。
OHSAS18000 series standard and the resulting occupation health and safety management system certification system in recent years is also a popular global management system standard certification system. OHSAS18000 series standard is by the British Standards Institution ( BSI ), Norway Classification Society (DNN ), in 1999 13 organizations jointly launched the international standard, in the present case ISO has not been developed, it plays the role of international standards. Sichuan Province in enterprise management consulting company limited that the 0HSAS18001 standard certification standards, it is the organization ( company ) to establish occupation health safety management system foundation, also is the enterprise internal audit and certification agencies to implement the certification audit basis. Our country already in November 12, 2000 into GB: GB / T28001-2001 IDT OHSAS18001: 1999" occupation health and safety management system" in December 20th of the same year, the State Economic and Trade Commission also launched the" occupation safety health management system" in China and the development of occupation health and safety management system certification system.
　　众所周知，在人们的工作活动或工作环境中，总是存在这样那样潜在的危险源，可能会损坏财物、危害环境、影响人体健康，甚至造成伤害事故。这些危险源有化学的、物理的、生物的、人体工效和其他种类的。人们将某一或某些危险引发事故的可能性和其可能造成的后果称之为风险。风险可用发生机率、危害范围、损失大小等指标来评定。现代职业安全卫生管理的对象就是职业安全卫生风险。风险引发事故造成的损失是各种各样的，一般分为以下几方面：
As everyone knows, in the work or the work environment, there is always such a source of potential danger, may damage to property, harm the environment, affect human health, or even cause injury accidents. These hazards have chemical, physical, biological, and other types of human ergonomics. There will be one or some dangerous accident probability and its potential consequences called risk. Risk probability, damage range, can be used as indexes to evaluate the loss size. The modern occupation safety and health management is the object of occupation safety and health risk. Risk the loss caused by accidents is various, generally divided into the following several aspects:
　　(l)职工本人及其他人的生命伤害；
( L ) the employee and the lives of others;
　　(2)职工本人及其他人的健康伤害(包括心理伤害)；
( 2) the workers I and others health damage ( including psychological damage );
　　(3)资料、设备设施的损坏、损失(包括一定时期内或长时间无法正常工作的损失)；
( 3) information, equipment and facilities, the loss ( including damage within a certain period of time or a long time not work loss );
　　(4)处理事故的费用(包括停工停产、事故调查及其他间接费用)；
( 4) to deal with the accident costs ( including shutdown stop production, accident investigation and other indirect costs );
　　(5)组织、职工经济负担的增加；
( 5) the organization of workers, increase the economic burden;
　　(6)职工本人及其他人的家庭、朋友、社会的精神、心理、经济伤害和损失；
( 6) workers and others I family, friends, community spirit, psychological, economic damage and loss;
　　(7)政府、行业、社会舆论的批评和指责；
( 7) the government, industry, social criticism and accusations;
　　(8)法律追究和新闻曝光引起的组织形象伤害；
( 8) law and press exposure induced tissue image damage;
　　(9)投资方或金融部门的信心丧失；
( 9) the investor or the financial sector 's loss of confidence;
　　(10)组织信誉的伤害、损失，商业机会的损失；
( 10) organizational reputation damage, loss, loss of business opportunities;
　　(ll)产品的市场竞争力下降；
( LL ) the competitiveness of products in the market decline;
　　(12)职工本人和其他人的埋怨、牢骚、批评等。 职业安全卫生事故损失包括直接损失和间接损失，损失的耗费远远超过医疗护理和疾病赔偿的费用，也就是说间接损失一般远远大于直接损失。
( 12) the workers I and other people complain, complain, criticize. Occupation health and safety accidents include both direct and indirect losses, loss of cost far more than medical care and disease compensation costs, that is to say the indirect loss is generally much greater than the direct loss.
　　风险引发事故造成损失的因素有两类：个人因素和工作／系统因素。
Risk of accidents caused by loss of factors in two categories: personal factors and work / system factors.
　　其中个人因素包括：体能／生理结构能力不足，例如身高、体重、伸展不足，对物质敏感或有过敏症等；思维／心理能力不足，例如理解能力不足，判断不良，方向感不良等；生理压力，例如感官过度负荷而疲劳，接触极端的温度，氧气不足等；思维或心理压力，例如感情过度负荷，要求极端集中力／注意力等；缺乏知识，例如训练不足，误解指示等；缺乏技能，例如实习不足；不正确的驱动力，例如不适当的同事竞争等。
The individual factors include: physical / physiological structure of ability inadequacy, such as height, weight, lack of stretch, sensitive or allergic; thinking / mental ability inadequacy, such as lack of understand, judge the poor, poor sense of direction; physiological stress, such as sensory overload and fatigue, exposure to extreme temperature, oxygen deficiency; thinking or psychological stress, such as excessive feelings of load, requiring extreme concentration / attention; lack of knowledge, such as inadequate training, misunderstanding of instructions; lack of skills, such as lack of practice; incorrect driving force, such as improper competition and other colleagues.
　　工作／系统因素包括：指导／监督不足，例如委派责任不清楚或冲突，权利下放不足，政策、程序、作业方式或指引给予不足等；工程设计不足，例如人的因素／人类工效学考虑不足，运行准备不足等；采购不足，例如贮存材料或运输材料不正确，危险性项目识别不足等；维修不足，例如不足的润滑油和检修，不足的检验器材等；工具和设备不足，例如工作标准不足，设备非正常损耗，滥用或误用。由此可见，对损失的控制不仅仅限于个人安全控制的范围。戴明博士和其他的管理学家发现，一家公司里的问题，大约15％是可以由职员控制的，约85％或以上是由管理层控制的。损失并不是商业运作上"不可避免"的成本，而是可以通过管理来预防和消除的。
Work / system factors include: instruction / supervision, such as delegating responsibilities unclear or conflicting, decentralization, policies, procedures, practices or guidelines given inadequate; engineering design deficiencies, such as the human factors and ergonomics consideration insufficiency, operation and lack of preparation; purchasing deficiencies, such as storage or transport material incorrect, dangerous item recognition insufficiency; repair defects, such as insufficient lubrication and maintenance, inadequate inspection equipment; tools and equipment, such as work standards, equipment normal loss, abuse or misuse. Thus, the loss of control is not limited to personal safety control range. Dr. Deming and other management experts found, a company issues, about 15% can be controlled by the staff, about 85% or more by management control. The loss was not a commercial operation" inevitable" cost, but can be managed to prevent and eliminate the.

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